Printing products definition. Polygraphy

PRINTING: BASIC CONCEPTS

What is printing?

Typically, many consider the printing industry to be the printing industry. Others call all the products that modern printing houses produce as printing. In principle, both are right.

Polygraphy is a generalized concept both for various areas of the printing industry, and for a huge variety of printing products that we use every day for a variety of purposes. We deal with printing on a daily basis: at home, on the street, and in the office. The range of printing products produced by modern printing houses is incredibly wide: these are leaflets and booklets, books, magazines and newspapers, posters and posters, brochures and catalogs, cards and invitations, packaging, labels, stickers, stickers and even ballots for elections to state authorities ... Without printing and printing products in our time, it is impossible for a business to exist, no matter what area it belongs to.

According to the definition, printing is the process of multiple acquisition of an image (its replication) on a printed material by transferring ink from any medium. And they are engaged in this process of replicating printed products (in other words, printing or printing) printing enterprises - printing houses.

Benefits of digital printing

Digital printing is one of the most popular modern printing methods in the printing industry. With this printing method, it is possible to print documents directly from a computer, without additional prepress processes. This significantly saves time on the production process of printed products.

Digital printing is a technology for taking impressions using a variable printing plate. The changes in the printing press at each stage are controlled by the computer of the publishing system. Small-run digital printing is very profitable and cost effective by saving on expensive prepress operations.

Digital printing makes it possible to produce small runs of printed products and provide customers with a wide range of printing services for the manufacture of one type or another of printed products. The quality of prints is not lower than in offset printing, but at the same time, when using the digital printing method, it becomes possible to personalize prints, quickly change text or images. It is not only the cost of prepress that is significantly reduced; no printing plates and films are made, but there is also a risk of quality loss at these stages of printing. Digital printing is characterized by the use of any medium - paper, self-adhesive backing.

Digital printing can be used to produce business cards, leaflets, brochures, calendars of various types, letterheads, self-copying documents, flyers, wobblers, stickers and much more. Speaking about the equipment for digital printing, it can be noted that the market of the offered printing equipment for digital printing is currently rich in various equipment (digital printing machines and printing systems for industrial printing houses, copiers, printers). Digital printing is widely used for printing small-run advertising or commercial publications, which can be changed during the production process even after each copy is printed.

Based on the foregoing, we can single out the following advantages of digital printing over offset.

• Using the digital printing method makes it possible to preview a copy or print a trial version of future products before the printing process itself. This will help to pre-assess the quality and design of products and make the required changes in a timely manner.
• Digital printing allows you to print small runs (up to one copy) in the shortest possible time (up to several minutes) without significant impact.
• Digital printing does not require prepress preparation in the form of printing plates and films. This makes the digital printing process itself inexpensive and reduces the risk of losing image quality during prepress.
• Digital printing products are characterized by high image quality. The amount of toner used to create the colors in the image is controlled by the computer, and accurate color registration eliminates the need for overlaying colors to hide defects - a property only characteristic of digital printing.
• Digital printing allows you to personalize data and enter numbering, make changes after printing each print.

Production of printing products

The quality of advertising printing consists of three components - the idea, the level of design and the quality of printing. Therefore, with the right approach, work on an advertising booklet, catalog, poster should begin with the development of an original idea, slogan, and a unified style. After that, the designer's task is to find the most optimal and accurate way to implement it (be it photography, 3D images, involving an artist, etc.). And only at the final stage is the selection of the printing house carried out in accordance with the design features and printing requirements.

Directly the cycle of production of printed products (printing) occurs in three stages.

• Preparing the finished layout for printing
• Printing
• Post-printing processing

The first stage is preparing the layout for printing: checking the finished layout, bringing the layout to the requirements for the manufacture of one or another type of printed matter, assembling imposition strips (distributing the layout strips in a special way for subsequent post-printing processing), etc. The second stage is the actual printing process itself. Oddly enough, but in most cases this stage takes the least time in the entire production cycle and is mainly determined by the technical characteristics and condition of the printing machine. Well, the last, third, stage of production of printed products is post-printing processing. This includes many varieties of processes for giving the desired appearance to printed products. Cutting the printed sheet, folding (for booklets), stitching (for catalogs, magazines), bookbinding (folders, diplomas, diaries), die-cutting, etc. High-quality post-printing processing gives the product the individuality conceived by the designers and makes the finished product stand out among others. Any type of printed matter needs post-printing processing, at least cutting. In some cases, the time required for post-printing processing in the manufacture of this product can be several times longer than the time spent on printing and even on developing and preparing a layout.

Paper sizes and sizes

Paper Size - A standardized paper sheet size. Different countries have adopted different formats as standard at different times. Currently, two systems dominate: the international standard (A4 and related) and the North American one. The international standard for paper formats, ISO 216, is based on a paper sheet format with an area of \u200b\u200b1 m². The standard has been accepted by all countries except the United States and Canada. In Mexico and the Philippines, despite the adoption of an international standard, the American letter format is still widely used. All ISO paper sizes have the same aspect ratio equal to the square root of two, this ratio is approximately 1: 1.41. The most widely known ISO standard format is A4. Also, this standard assumes three series of formats - A, B and C.

Series A	The size	Series B	The size	Series C	The size
A0	1189x841 mm	B0	1000x1414 mm	C0	1297x917 mm
A1	841x594 mm	B1	707x1000 mm	C1	917x648 mm
A2	594x420 mm	B2	500x707 mm	C2	648x458 mm
A3	420x297 mm	B3	353x500 mm	C3	458x324 mm
A4	297x210 mm	B4	250x353 mm	C4	324x229 mm
A5	210x148 mm	B5	176x250 mm	C5	229x162 mm
A6	148x105 mm	B6	125x176 mm	C6	162x114 mm
A7	105x74 mm	B7	88x125 mm	C7	114x81 mm
A8	74x52 mm	B8	88x62 mm	C8	81x57 mm

Series A

The largest standard size, A0, is one square meter. The long side of the leaf has a length equal to the fourth root of two, which is approximately equal to 1.189 m, the length of the short side is the inverse of the indicated value, approximately 0.841 m, the product of these two lengths gives an area of \u200b\u200b1 m². The A1 dimension is obtained by cutting the A0 sheet along the short side into two equal parts so that the aspect ratio is maintained. This allows one standard paper size to be produced from another, which was not possible with traditional sizes. Keeping the aspect ratio also means that when you scale an image from one aspect ratio to another, the aspect ratio of the image is preserved. A1 format is A0 cut in half. In other words, height A1 \u003d width A0, width A1 \u003d half the height of A0. All sizes smaller than A1 are produced in the same way. If you cut the format An parallel to its short side into two equal parts, you get the format A (n + 1). The standard heights and widths of paper sizes are rounded to the nearest whole millimeter.

Series B

In addition to the A series, there are also the less common B formats. The area of \u200b\u200bthe B series sheets is the geometric average of the two subsequent A series sheets. For example, B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of \u200b\u200b0.71 m². As a result, B0 measures 1000x1414mm. The B series is almost never used in the office, but has a number of special uses, for example, many posters come out in these formats, B5 is often used for books, and these formats are also used for envelopes and passports.

Series C

Serie C is used for envelopes only and is defined in ISO 269. Serie C has the geometric mean of Serie A and Series B with the same number. For example, the area of \u200b\u200bC4 is the geometric mean of the area of \u200b\u200bsheets A4 and B4, while C4 is slightly larger than A4, and B4 is slightly larger than C4. The practical meaning of this is that A4 can be inserted into a C4 envelope, and a C4 envelope can be inserted into a heavy B4 envelope.

Types of printing products

Polygraphic (printed) products are the main means of mass information and communication between people, a powerful tool for the propaganda of political and scientific knowledge, a means of political struggle and expression of public opinion, as well as the keeper of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof all ages and all peoples. The printed matter produced at the present time is very diverse in its appearance, specific purpose, publication time, technical performance. The most popular types of printed materials at the moment are listed below.

• Form
• Self-copying forms
• Leaflet
• Booklet
• Brochure
• The calendar
• Business card
• Folder
• Notebook
• The envelope
• Kubarik
• Label
• Label

Form

A sheet of paper, usually A4 or less, containing elements of corporate identity or information of a permanent nature (invoices, acts, etc.), is intended for subsequent filling.

Self-copying forms

Several sheets of special self-copying paper, held together on one side with a special glue that allows you to easily separate the sheets.

Leaflet

A paper sheet, usually A4 format, printed on one or both sides, in one or more colors, advertising or informational content. It assumes a slightly higher quality of the printing performance than that of the letterhead.

Booklet

Non-periodical sheet publication in the form of one sheet of printed material, folded (folded) in 2 or more folds.

Brochure

Non-periodic text book edition of more than 4 pages, connected with glue, springs, sewing with a paper clip or thread.

The calendar

A printed edition that necessarily includes a calendar grid. There are calendars: pocket, quarter, loose-leaf calendars on the crossbar, "house" and "loose-leaf" calendars.

Business card

A piece of thick paper or cardboard, usually 50x90 mm (sometimes of other formats), containing information about a person or company.

Folder

A product made of heavy paper, cardboard, or resin for storing a small number of sheets of paper. It is mainly used as an element of corporate identity. There are several types: one-piece (made from a whole sheet of material), with glued pockets (a flap pocket is made from a separate sheet of material and then glued to the "crusts"), with a lock (the folder can be laid flat and then assembled again, not tearing it apart), with an adhesive bond.

Notebook

A pile of paper sewn or glued from the end, clean or with applied elements of corporate identity, with a cover.

The envelope

One of the types of corporate identity media. There are a wide variety of types of envelopes.

Kubarik

A small stack of paper glued to one side for easy tear-off. Used for operational records. As a rule, it bears elements of corporate identity.

Label

A small sheet of special (label) paper containing information about a product or product. Assumes an adhesive fastening method.

Label

A small piece of cardboard containing information about a product or product and accompanying it, suggesting a hinged method of fastening.

Post-printing processing

Post-processing refers to all operations with printed products that are performed after the printed circulation leaves the press, and until the moment the package is transferred to the customer. In other words, post-printing is the final stage in the production of printed products. Some types of finishing are performed only for certain types of printed products, and some for all at once. So, for example, lamination is possible only for paper products, and die-cutting is possible for all types, including plastic products. The following are the main types of finishing in digital printing.

• Cutting sheets
• Creasing
• Folding
• Stitching
• Foiling
• Rounding corners
• Die cutting
• Punching
• Lamination

Cutting sheets

The final size of the printed sheet in the printing industry is formed using sheet cutting - a post-printing stage that cannot be avoided by any type of printed product due to a number of technological limitations arising from both offset and digital printing.

Finished sheets are stacked and cut off on each side - this is how the white margins (the so-called unprinted area) are removed and the sheets are accurately sized and shaped. This finishing step is called trimming. Often, several future copies of the printed matter are located on one sheet (for example, business cards are printed this way), and after printing they are also separated using sheet cutting - this will be called cutting.

As for the models of brochures, catalogs and other printing, which does not use spring binding, they are cut off after completing all technological operations, including the binding of sheets. This is due to the fact that this gives a perfectly accurate sheet size and a neat, even cut of the finished printed product.

Creasing

A type of post-printing processing of printed products, in which a line in the form of a track pressed into the paper is indicated on paper or cardboard in the places of the future fold. With the help of a creasing machine, paper products more easily acquire the required shape, acquire additional strength at the folds and avoid cracking of both the paper and the paint layer.

Creasing is performed on special creasing machines or with blunt knives. After scoring, the products are folded along these lines. Creasing is mainly used for cardboard and all types of paper, the density of which exceeds 175 g / m². It is also used on laminated paper surfaces and where there is a continuous seal on the fold. The number of fold lines is not limited.

Folding

Folding is the application of fold lines to the paper without preliminary pressing with a blunt knife and can be done either manually or using special equipment. The manual version is used for preparing small editions. Folding is performed on medium-weight paper (up to 150 g / m²), but if it is necessary to fold paper over 170 g / m² or cardboard, it is necessary to perform a creasing operation, this will help to maintain a good appearance of the product on the fold.

Folding allows you to arrange the final appearance of the finished product. It can be booklets, brochures, catalogs, all kinds of promotional items, drawings and much more. The simplest example of folding is a flyer folded in half.

Stitching

Binding is a technological process, as a result of which a number of sheets are connected into a notebook, the so-called brochure. It is customary to call a brochure an edition with more than 4 block pages interconnected. The number of sheets in a product is limited by the selected binding method and the purpose of the brochure itself. Binding is used for printed materials such as notebooks, brochures, catalogs, notebooks, etc. There are three main types of binding: stapling (stapling), adhesive seamless binding (hot melt glue) and spring winding.

Stapling is commonly used for brochures, catalogs and magazines. In this way, as a rule, no more than 40 sheets are fastened. If there are more sheets in the printed edition, then you need to already use metal springs or hot melt glue (KBS). 1, 2 or more staples can be used depending on the design, size and number of sheets in the unit. The binding can also be done with silk or polyamide thread and used as an element for multi-page publications such as books.

With adhesive seamless bonding, the elements of the book block are fastened with KBS glue along the spine. With the help of KBS it is possible to staple products, the block of which consists of paper with a density of not more than 170 g / m², spine thickness up to 3 cm. This method of binding is usually used for products that are no longer possible to fit on a paper clip due to the large number of pages and thick cover. As a rule, these are various multi-page products: catalogs, magazines, books. Often a similar method of bonding is used in the preparation of annual reports, abstracts, term papers. The binding design can be made at the request of the customer.

Very often, stitching is carried out using springs (combs). This method is most often used to fasten notebooks and notebooks, but it is also used for catalogs, abstracts, tablets, etc. The printed sheets of the block and covers are perforated (holes are punched along the edge) and fastened with a spring. You can bond a block up to 100 sheets of 80 g / m² offset paper (depending on the diameter of the spring itself). The advantage of this binding is that the sheets and covers in publications can be quickly replaced if necessary. Depending on the volume and purpose of the product, both a metal spring and a plastic one can be used. The metal spring looks less presentable and effective, but its advantage is the strength and reliability of the fastening. A plastic spring has a more attractive appearance, it is practical and easy to use, but under any load (for example, when falling), the spring can damage the stitched sheets of paper with its sharp edge.

Foiling

Foiling or foil stamping is the operation of applying shiny metal foil in single letters or specific areas. This gives the effect of silvering or gilding, but foil of a different color - red, green, blue, yellow, etc. can also be used. The embossing is carried out on manual, semi-automatic and automatic presses for embossing under the influence of high temperature or cold.

Foil embossing allows you to give the finished product a special appeal and a more expensive and elegant appearance. The embossing process is expensive, but very effective, which is why many customers prefer this method of finishing. Embossing on designer papers and plastic looks very interesting.

Rounding corners

Rounding corners it is used in the manufacture of small format publications to make the corners more round, which do not bend as sharp, do not break. In addition, after rounding the corners, the product acquires a more accurate appearance.

Rounding of corners is used for calendars, business cards, notebooks, etc., and can be performed not only on paper products, but also on plastic products (badges, tags), as well as on any other type of printing products. Depending on the size of the product and the equipment used, the corners are rounded with different radii (the standard value is 6.38 mm). Rounding the corners does not spoil the image, does not affect the structure of the material, and is a purely aesthetic stage in the processing of printed products.

Die cutting

Punching (punching) is used to give the finished image the required shape, other than rectangular. The die-cutting equipment allows using a press made of a solid sheet of cardboard, paper, plastic or leather to obtain a shape of any complexity, already ready for use or in need of subsequent assembly. Used for the manufacture of folders, boxes, wobblers, shelf talkers, any printing products. non-standard form... The simplest example of using corner rounding is a pocket calendar 100x70 mm.

Punching

Perforation is a collection of holes in a line, in a sheet or roll material, that allows the material to break easily and accurately along that line. Created with special perforating knives.

Perforation is used in the manufacture of various printed products: tear-off calendars, notepads, invitations, tickets, coupons, postage stamps, stickers, spring notepads, diaries with tear-off corners. Choice of hole shape when punching: square or round holes depends on general style products. In addition, perforation is often used instead of creasing. Thanks to perforation, the fold of high-density products is neat and the paper does not break. As an example of the use of punching, one can consider tickets for a concert with a detachable part "Control".

Lamination

The process of covering images with a special transparent glossy or matte film with a thickness of 80 to 250 microns on the front side or on both sides of the image. This method of processing allows you to protect the image of external mechanical, water, chemical, temperature effects, increase the density of the image and give an attractive appearance.

Glossy films significantly improve the image, reproduce colors perfectly, make colors contrasting, saturated, rich and bright. Finishing with a glossy film is similar in visual effect to UV varnishing, but provides more reliable protection of the publication from external influences (especially at the places of fold, cut and crease). The disadvantages of glossy films include the fact that in strong light, glare appears on the laminated surface, making it difficult to perceive small details and text information.

Matte films exclude the appearance of such reflections, give a special depth and velvety to the picture, and allow writing on the surface of an already finished publication. The matte film coating looks very respectable and is most suitable for decorating expensive advertising and presentation products.

Lamination of printed products is carried out using special equipment - laminators. It is customary to distinguish between hot and cold lamination by the method of fixing the film. When hot, the printed edition, together with the film, is rolled between rollers heated to the required temperature. The heating power is determined based on the characteristics of the materials used. With this method, an increase in temperature leads to activation of the adhesive layer, and the pressure exerted by the rollers promotes the adhesion (pressing) of the film to the product. In cold lamination, films are used with a pressure-only adhesive system. This method is justified for materials that are particularly sensitive to temperature effects.

Printing: what is hiding behind this beautiful word? They can designate both a process and a separate book, notebook or calendar. The pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov stood at its origins. Probably, he can be called the founder of an entire branch of modern industry. FROM print media we come across every day: newspapers, books, menus of cafes and restaurants, and even personal passports belong to printing products.

Printed products

Everything printed and replicated using technical means is printing. What are printing methods? on offset or digital machines.

The cycle of creating printed printing industry consists of technological stages:

Layout creation;
... prepress preparation;
... printing;
... post-printing processing.

Both types of printing have prepress preparation of the original layout, which is fundamentally different in its criteria. in both productions is the same.

Typographic offset cycle

Offset printing technology involves prepress preparation, which consists in the output of a matrix, on the basis of which the entire circulation is subsequently made. To obtain high-quality prints, it is necessary to do color correction, color proofs, output films, which affects the total cost of the order, lengthens the production time and makes it impossible to correct the source when the printing process has already started. These are the disadvantages of the offset printing method, but there are much more advantages.

Offset printing allows you to make the largest number of printed sheets using one original layout. As the circulation increases, the unit cost of the final product decreases. The quality of the offset depends on the class of machines used for printing, the paper on which the image is transferred, and the inks used in production. The highest quality and brightest products are produced on photo-offset machines. For the offset method, roll paper or cut sheets are used, according to technological requirements.

Full cycle printing technology includes a multi-stage process - from creating a layout to packaging the finished product. Books, magazines, newspapers, with a circulation of more than 3000 pieces, are mostly printed with offset printing, since this option is much more profitable than ordering digital printing.

Types of printing products:

Books;
... different types of packaging;
... newspapers;
... directories;
... magazines;
... notebooks;
... folders;
... posters;
... posters;
... leaflets;
... brochures;
... forms;
... postcards;
... calendars;
... smaller products.

Digital printing

What does this phrase mean? The most affordable way to quickly get a small number of business cards or flyers is to print in numbers! The fastest way to get the image you want. Digital printing requires minimal preparatory work and additional materials. Image output to the machine (plotter, printer, copier, risograph) occurs directly from the monitor screen.

With high-quality calibration of the colors set by the printing press and on the monitor screen, color proofs are almost never needed, since the color on the screen fully matches the color of the resulting image. It is always possible to make corrections to the text, change the color, shape of the layout, increase or decrease the image, set the number of copies from one to a thousand.

Digital express

Digital replication is also called online printing - you can get a copy of an image within one minute. The advantage of this type of printing is its clarity, control over each copy of the circulation, the ability to get exclusive products, correction in the printing process, the minimum number of copies for a low fee.

Digital printing is carried out on different types of media: fabric, paper and cardboard, self-adhesive film, glass, plastic, ceramic tiles. There is no one-size-fits-all machine, but the transfer to these materials is digital.

Types of digital printing:

Business cards;
... leaflets;
... brochures;
... postcards;
... folders;
... calendars;
... posters;
... posters;
... labels.

Post-printing processing

The final technological cycle, which includes the process of formatting the final product. Consists of several steps required to give the final product a given shape and size. That is, the book must be assembled, bound and placed in the cover, and the business card must acquire its size.

The main types of post-printing processing:

Cutting;
... creasing;
... folding;
... stitching;
... die cutting;
... perforation;
... varnishing;
... selective UV varnishing;
... lamination.

Printing formats

For the best production efficiency, the industry has introduced standards. The printing industry was no exception. What is standardization in the printing industry? First of all, we have streamlined the approach to paper sizes on which the material is printed. When ordering printed products, they determine the size of the original layout in millimeters and adapt it to the available standard paper sizes on which the circulation will be printed.

Paper size classification table

series A	size, mm	series B	size, mm	series C	size, mm
A0	1189 x 841	B0	1000 x 1414	C0	1297 x 917
A1	841 x 594	IN 1	707 x 1000	C1	917 x 648
A2	594 x 420	AT 2	500 x 707	C2	648 x 458
A3	420 x297	AT 3	353 x500	C3	458 x 324
A4	297 x 210	AT 4	250 x 353	C4	324 x 2259
A5	210 x 148	AT 5	176 x 250	C5	229 x 162
A6	148 x 105	AT 6	125 x 176	C6	162 x 114
A7	105 x 74	AT 7	88 x 125	C7	114 x 81
A8	74 x 52	AT 8	88 x 62	C8	81 x 57

Each sheet size has its own name and corresponding size. For example, a sheet of standard printer paper is 297 x 210 millimeters in size and A4 series.

Among the various services that are offered to the population is printing - the production of a variety of printed products. But not everyone understands the meaning of this type of activity.

The quite common word "printing" in different people evokes an association with colorful posters or posters, in extreme cases with a publishing house that is releasing a book. It is far from indifferent to those who are directly related to the printing industry. For them, the printing industry is one of the main pillars on which the company's fame rests. Because maintaining not only your name, but also the image of the company as a whole depends on the promotional products of the printing industry. And therefore for them this term has a slightly different meaning. According to its capabilities, it can satisfy the demand of any client: not only a private person, but also a large enterprise and organization that need printing products.

Printing and its importance for advertisers

Modern printing is one of the industries of industrial importance, which is engaged in the reproduction of printed material, as well as the release of books and magazines, newspapers, label and packaging products. And the services offered in the form of a variety of products are in demand among advertisers. Therefore, today the printing industry is an opportunity to satisfy the demand of any client.

For many companies, paper business cards, various posters, various advertising products that are in demand are a way to attract the attention of consumers. Therefore, for them, printing is an opportunity to get the right product according to requests and needs, it becomes an integral part of their professional activity.

The role of design in printing products

In printing products, the main place is occupied by the design of printing, because the future of organizations in the field of sales of goods depends on this. For people, for example, this is just a colorfully designed invitation that is pleasant to hold in your hands, which lifts your spirits. Specialists working in this area provide a full range of services designed for any audience of consumers. Because the design of the printing industry of any execution project carries a semantic load and plays the role of an incentive factor to purchase a product or service.

The value of printing in people's lives

The term "printing" itself is a concept of a generalized meaning, it can be attributed both to a separate area of \u200b\u200bproduction of printed materials, and to goods produced by a typographic method. But the meaning does not change from this. And it all depends on the different directions of the printing industry, as well as on the number of printing products that are used for different purposes.

The concept of "operational printing" is the release and manufacture of various products in a printed version. It implies a small circulation of products in a very short time with the transfer of different colors of the media inks and includes several technology processes associated with the concept of "online printing".

Printing from a ready-made product layout is operational printing. And it can be offset and digital. The need for prompt printing arises in a variety of situations, for example, when additional editions of an already finished product are required, or there is a need to create a new one. also refer to online printing.

Advertising printing - the engine of progress

We inevitably see advertising products every day and everywhere: in everyday life, squares and parks, street avenues, offices. Accordingly, the advertising goods produced by the printing house are very wide in the number of assortments. It is based on the idea, the level of design skills and quality printing. Therefore, the production of booklets, catalogs and posters requires careful preparation with the development of unique ideas, slogans and uniform styles.

What do printing services include?

Products of this type of printing include:

• Various in format and quality of the material used, which are the cheapest media from this area.
• Calendars and posters differ only in size, but carry a lot of information about products.
• Catalogs, brochures are designed mainly for the target audience with many color illustrations.
• stickers are an expression on the face of the company, protection against counterfeiting and carrying information about them.
• Notepads and various types of kubariks, postcards, serve as reminders and are excellent advertising material.

Literally translated, polygraphy means "to write a lot." This is one of the branches of industry whose functions are the creation and replication of printed publications. These include both sheet products and multi-page products. What is printing in our time? Technological processes never stop improving. Now printing is carried out not only on paper and cardboard, but also on fabric, glass, plastic and other materials. Now it is possible to use relief embossing to design cards and invitations. With the help of printing, you can make unique souvenirs, surprise and please friends and family.

Features:

Printing can be carried out different ways... It depends on the availability of text or graphic elements, the quality and specifics of the materials. Paper, for example, can be glossy and rough, and cardboard of a special density is chosen to create packaging or POS materials. The compatibility of dyes with them is important. What is paint in printing? This is a certain composition with varying degrees of viscosity, fluidity, which includes a pigment of a certain color and additional components.

In modern printing houses, they have learned to add capsules with aromatic oils to paint. This effect is often used in perfume booklets. Another newest technology in the printing industry is volumetric imaging. This stereo effect is that two images are printed on the same plane. The combination of layers of paint creates a sense of volume when viewing a picture.

Modern printing

The printing process became much easier after the advent of computers. Previously, there were only two printing methods (high and deep), there were many nuances and strict requirements for materials, long preparation times. Later, an additional type appeared - offset printing, but even here replication took a lot of time, and the required number of copies significantly affected the cost of publications.

In modern realities, there is digital printing: operational and relatively cheap. Now it has become possible to combine prepress preparation and creation of circulation into one process. Printing houses are engaged in printing, publishing houses are not only large concerns, but also small firms located in the same office space. The customers are now not only legal entities, but also individuals.

Promotional Products

According to various criteria, certain types of printing products are distinguished. Its main classification is related to purpose. Printed publications can be performed as advertisements - firms, individual entrepreneur, corporation or product. For example, an organization brochure, business card, catalog. Some leaflets or flyers announce an upcoming event - another option for advertising. To create a layout for such publications, they turn to a specialist, a printing designer. He pays attention to the color scheme, the arrangement of elements. As a rule, bright, contrasting colors and fonts are used for advertising products.

When the layout is completely ready, the exact dimensions are calculated (taking into account the fold lines, bleed), it is sent to a printing and printing company. What are representative products? She is called letterheads with the logo and details of the organization, as well as envelopes, notebooks, business cards. Their function is not so much advertising as informational, providing the interested person with brief information about the company, creating a certain image.

Volumetric editions

Books and magazines are also produced for informational purposes, but are intended not only for partners and employees of the company, but also for ordinary readers. Publishing houses, universal or specialized, are involved in the printing of books.

The draft of the future book is agreed with the author. The publishing house is responsible for any additions, changes in design. The prepress of the publication includes editorial processing of the text, selection of illustrative material, layout of the layout. This is followed by the stage of verification and replication. Then the book is enclosed in a cover (or binding), fastened in a certain way (glue, paper clips or sewing). These printing processes are carried out in the printing house.

Wedding printing

Recently, printed materials have been used as an additional element of decoration of premises for festive events. Wedding printing is especially popular. It helps to create a festive atmosphere, tune guests and newlyweds in the right way, notify about the upcoming celebration. First of all, invitations apply to her. The newlyweds choose in advance the color (one or more) in which the event will be held. Guest invitations are in matching colors. This can be a background, font, small illustrations or ornaments. Most often, digital printing is used for such purposes. Cardboard is suitable as a material; the use of embossing will be an excellent solution.

Printing is also used for seating plans, wedding album covers, champagne bottle labels. It is worth noting that design elements should be repeated on all objects, be recognizable. The typeface, the selected tones should be the same. A pleasant surprise for the invitees will be calendars with a photo of the newlyweds and an indication of the wedding date placed in an envelope along with the invitation.

For other events

You can also apply for services to the printing center in order to create a unique gift for the anniversary or birthday of a loved one.

It can be a photobook - a small print edition, containing mainly images from the personal archive, with a small addition in the form of texts (congratulations, wishes, names and dates). It is carried out on high-density material. The format of the photobook is chosen from those provided by the printing house. The creation of the layout is entrusted to a professional designer (with the transfer of all the necessary materials to him), another option is carried out by the customer himself in certain programs. The finished version in the required format is sent to the company's email address.

Uniquely designed posters and greeting cards are also popular. They can contain photographs, beautiful poems or congratulations in prose.

Post-printing processing

What is the final stage of publication preparation in the printing industry? This is the stage at which sheets are bonded, creased, trimmed, perforated, and other operations. With their help, the object gets its finished look. Most of the operations require specialized equipment, which are possessed by full-fledged printing houses, such as LLC "Polygraphy".

This technique requires constant maintenance. These are expensive devices that only qualified specialists can work with.

Polygraphy or printing process was invented in the fifteenth century, with every century, decade, and year, this process is being improved. Everything is changing, from the technique that prints to the ink that is poured. Today all over the world there are numerous types of printing, as well as printing. It will take a long time to describe each species, and from the information obtained, a whole book can be obtained. This article describes popular types of typography.

Types of printing

The first group of printing includes standard. She performs roll as well as sheet. In another way it is called offset. This printing method involves transferring ink onto a printing plate not directly, but through a cylinder. It sits halfway between material and shape. Thanks to this method, the bulk of printing products (packaging, advertising products, books, magazines) are published in this way. This type of printing produces very high quality products, and is economical when a large number of runs are printed.

The second group of printing includes digital printing, or as they call operational printing. It is used by the Internet typography Vizitka.com and most modern typography. This printing method is quite young, and the ink used for printing is significantly different from the previous type. When material is printed in several copies, they may differ from each other. This printing method also differs from the above in that the printing itself takes place in the machine. Digital printing uses the following printing:

• inkjet printing;
• electrographic;
• ionography.

In electrographic printing, special water-based toners are used. The image is obtained thanks to the electrodes, which are on special paper. The image appears when the electrodes begin to interact with the paper. When the image is developed, after that it begins to acquire the desired colors, thanks to the liquid toner. This method is most commonly used in digital systems.

The ionographic image is created on a special cylindrical shape, which, when interacting with a current pulse, gives a result. A certain amount of electrical impulse forms the paint into the gel. The huge advantage of this type of printing is that it economically consumes ink, and the printed images are bright, colorful and saturated.

The advantage of digital printing is that it is much more economical when printed in small numbers. And also fulfills the order in a short time, which is most often needed by the client.

The cost of a single copy with digital printing methods does not depend on the size of the print run, and it is economically efficient to produce small volumes.